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Cardiac disease: 4 types of cardiac disease and their treatment

What are the types of cardiac diseases?

There is a number of cardiac diseases, but here we are just discussing some of them. These include:

  1. Coronary Artery Disease
  2. Atherosclerotic Disease
  3. Cardiac Failure
  4. Sudden Death

1. Coronary Artery Disease:

Coronary artery disease is the most common type and is a collection of illnesses including angina pectoris,  stable angina, unstable angina, and myocardial infarction.  

What is Angina Pectoris?

In angina pectoris, there will be the shortening of blood and oxygen in the part of the heart. The patient will feel chest pain or discomfort because of the shortening of blood and oxygen. It occurs due to smocking, emotional stress, overheating, and tachyarrhythmias. There are three are types of angina pectoris, but we are discussing just two because there are the most common.
  1. Stable Angina: Stable angina is the one that is relieved with rest. It occurs while performing an activity or emotional stress. 
  2. Unstable Angina: In unstable angina, the patient gets the symptoms while doing just little activity or resting. The pain will be difficult to control. It may lead to a heart attack and the patient will have a high risk of Myocardial infarction or sudden death. 

2. Myocardial Infarction or Sudden Death: 

Myocardial infarction is a sudden death or heart attack. It will occur when one or more areas of heart muscles will have a shortening of oxygen as well as the inhibition of blood flow to them. The blocking of blood flow is due to the occlusion of one or two coronary arteries. The causes of MI are atherosclerosis with thrombus formation, embolism or coronary vasospasm, and toxicity in cocaine. 

3. Cardiac Failure:

In cardiac failure, the heart will become unable to keep up the sufficient circulation of blood to encounter metabolic needs. The other term we can use instead of cardiac failure is congestive heart failure. It results from the impaired functioning of lest ventricle, coronary artery disease, valvular disease, congenital heart disease, hypertension, or infection. The person with cardiac failure will have the following physiological abnormalities:
  • Decrease in cardiac output
  • Increase in heart rate
  • Impairment of ventricular function over the time
Right Cardiac Failure: 

In right cardiac failure, the right ventricle is failed and there will be an increase in pulmonary artery pressure. The blood from the systematic circulation does not return back to the heart. The signs of right cardiac failure are:
  • Anorexia .i.e. loss of appetite.
  • Peripheral edema
  • Weight gain
  • Nausea
Left Heat Failure:

In left heart failure, the left ventricle slowly becomes weak so the heart will not pump oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium. The signs of left-sided heart failure are:
  • Cough, dyspnea, weakness, and fatigue.
  • Decrease in cardiac output which results in pre-renal failure.
  • There will be a rise in pulmonary artery pressure and pulmonary edema. 
  • Compensated heart failure.

4. Atherosclerosis:

In atherosclerosis, there is the accumulation of plaque, lipids, platelets, monocytes, and other debris inside the arteries. The lumen of the coronary artery becomes narrow so there will be a restriction in blood flow and can result in ischemia to the myocardium, heart attack, or stroke. 

Risk factors of atherosclerosis:

There are modified as well as non-modified risk factors. The non-modified risk factors include age, sex, race, and family history of coronary artery disease. The modified risk factors include cigarette smoking, high blood pressure, stress, obesity, and inactivity. 


How we can manage cardiovascular disease?

We can manage cardiovascular disease by taking a suitable diet, drugs, and surgical interventions as well.

Diet: 

The diet includes low salt as well as low cholesterol. The weight reduction diet also helps in managing cardiovascular disease. 

Drugs:

We can use those drugs which reduce the demand for oxygen to the heart and increase coronary blood flow. Some of these drugs are:

Nitrate (nitroglycerine); These drugs improve blood flow and cause vasodilation

Beta-Adrenergic blocking agent:

These drugs are useful in controlling arrhythmia, and chest pain. They also reduce blood pressure.

Calcium channel blocking agents:
These drugs help in decreasing the heart rate, contractility, blood pressure, arrhythmia, and chest pain. Some of these drugs are diltiazem, Cardizem, and Procardia. 

Antiarrhythmic: These include quinidine and procainamide. 

Digitalis: These drugs increase contractility and reduce the heart rate. 

The other drugs we can use are:
  • Aspirin
  • Antihypertensive drugs ( Propranolol, and reserpine)
  • Diuretics ( laxis, esidrix)
  • Hypolipidemic ( colestid, zocor, questran)
  • Tranquilizers

Surgical Interventions in Cardiovascular Disease:


The surgical interventions for cardiovascular disease include:

  1.  Percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA)
  2.  Intravascular Stents
  3.  CABG
  4.  Transplantation

 

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